不要让你的爱犬患上发育性骨病！（转贴）

小魔鬼(我的老狼

转自圣伯纳俱乐部四月二十三的帖子

发育性骨病(DOD ,Developmental orthopedic disease)，为发育期中骨骼疾病的总称，这疾病最容易在体格快速发育犬种身上发现，尤其是大型犬或巨型犬。在年纪小于一岁的狗中，约有22%的狗会有这类的疾病，其中又有20%的狗有营养方面的问题，所以在饲养这类大型犬时，一定要特别注意饲养的方式与疾病的检查，以免造成更严重的问题。发育性骨病中，髋关节发育不全(Hip dysplasia)与骨发育不全(Osteochondrosis)最容易见到，这两个疾病的治疗方式非这篇文章的重点，并不加以细谈。
　　这疾病的发生，有几个危险因子必须要注意的：基因、饲养管理与营养。
　　基因方面：
　　体格快速发展的大型犬，这些犬种包含了最常见的拉不拉多、黄金猎犬、哈士奇等。这问题很容易遗传到下一代，已经有这问题的狗都不建议繁殖。
　　饲养管理：
　　因为狗狗很容易因为过多的能量与营养而间接造成疾病的发生，让狗任食饲料都是不建议的行为。尤其是这些大型犬很容易因为饥饿就不断地食用食物，造成的过食的现象。
　　营养方面：
　　过多的能量、高营养成份的食物、钙粉、营养剂都很容易加强疾病的发生。过度的能量、高营养成份的饲料，会使身体荷尔蒙的分泌产生不平衡的现象，身体的荷尔蒙一旦不平衡，狗狗的发育出问题，就会使DOD出现的机率大增。再加上狗狗增加的体重与肌肉的拉力，会使得不成熟的骨头更容易受伤。
　　添加钙粉或是给予高钙的饲料，会使得身体中的降血钙素升高。升血钙素的升高，目的就是为了让血液中的钙质减少到正常的范围，但是降血钙的同时，也减少了骨骼重塑(Remodeling)的作用，让骨骼的发育更加不完全。所以添加钙粉的大型犬，非常容易见到这类的疾病。
　　如果你从小开始饲养大型犬，一定要注意狗狗的饲养状况，包含了定时定量不添加任何营养品的原则。在饲料的挑选方面，可依照卡洛里低于3.8kcal/g、钙质在于0.9~1.5%，蛋白质25~30%的原则挑选。还有，保持良好的体型，不能太重也不能太瘦。这样，可使这类疾病的降到最低。
　　常听到有畜主说：我要买钙粉给小猫小狗吃，因为它们还小，长大要很多钙质长骨头。也有人说有人建议要给小猫小狗补充钙粉，这样骨头才会长的好，皮毛才会漂亮，身体才会头好壮壮。有些母猫母狗怀孕或生小猫小狗要喂奶，也有人会想说给它们补充钙，因为胎儿要生长，母亲要哺乳，可能有很多人都会这么想，也都这么做，可是在各位的爱心呵护之下，可能已经伤害了它们而不自知。
　　钙质是一个很重要的营养，尤其是对骨骼系统，这我想大家都知道，这也是许多人在饮食中加钙的原因，可是在真正的犬猫营养学中，额外增加的钙质可能造成宠物们身体的负担，举例来说，这可能造成体内钙磷的不平衡，延迟骨头的再吸收，延缓骨头和软骨的成熟，进而可能诱发许许多多骨软骨的疾病，而且这很多都是不能复原的，因为成长只有一次，此外在促进生长方面，潻加钙粉却可能得到相反的结果，也就是减慢甚至抑制生长，所以这叫做揠苗助长，这可是有根据的喔!国外曾经有人做过实验，没增加钙粉的狗体重重了约2公斤，增加钙粉的却减轻，身体的成长速度也足足差了四倍，除此之外，额外增加钙粉会刺激胃酸的分泌，这会造成胃部的问题，甚至可能引起致命的疾病。
　　另外，怀孕或泌乳母畜更不该潻加过多的钙粉，因为这会使身体调节钙的能力下降，当调节失调而使血中的钙减少的话，就可能引起乳热病，这可是会使母畜抽搐到死的可怕疾病呢！
　　那各位可能会问，那它们难道都不用补充吗，不补充真的可以吗，这你就错了，钙质的量当然要比正常时多，但要加多少，这就不是一般人可以算的出来的，因为一般饮食中钙的需求量只占总成份的0.5-0.9%这可是一个很精确的数字，也就是千分之5-9，而需要增加的量也只有到1-1.8%，这是多么微量的增加，你只要加一汤匙的钙粉，它可能就超量了，所以为了安全起见，您只要选用幼母犬的饲料就可以了，因为专家都帮你算得好好的。
　　今后如果有人建议你要加钙粉，请你先想想它的严重性，顺便告知你身边的人，这样它们才能更健康更快乐。
转自蔡焜洋医师 (英国伦敦大学皇家兽医学院动物临床医学研究所外科博士主修骨科学)

[ 本帖最后由 小魔鬼 于 2007-10-10 00:24 编辑 ]

↘ .уǖě兒

:Smilies56 顶咯

〓无语〓

顶

封封火火

表面会出现啥症状来

可可妈妈

都回有什么症状啊?可可不会是吧?我现在还在给大补呢,以为是缺营养

小魔鬼(我的老狼

顶一下，让更多人看到

黎医生

专业支持……？

玥溪蛍火

我家的一直都是大补..汗啊

雾之姬

会出现什么症状呢？这个特别想知道

小魔鬼(我的老狼

我在网上找了一下，但是国内似乎没有相关研究，只有英文版的解释，但是很复杂也很长。我先把英文版的放上来，英文好的可以先慢慢研究，我晚上再尝试把它翻译成中文，现在在公司不好太过分，嘿嘿。

What is osteochondrosis?Osteochondrosis is a form of developmental orthopedic disease that involves a local or generalized failure of endochondral ossification affecting the epiphyseal and/or metaphyseal cartilage. Larger breeds of dog have a genetic predisposition towards the condition, which results from rapid growth. (The pain from osteochondrosis is similar to the “growing pains” experienced by adolescents.)
Areas most commonly affected by osteochondrosis include the shoulder, elbow, stifle and hock in young dogs. Osteochondrosis can occur bilaterally and may involve several joints. There are several types of osteochondrosis:
Conditions that affect the forelimbs include osteochondritis dessicans (OD) of the elbow or shoulder, fragmented coronoid process (FCP), and ununited anconeal process (UAP). When the elbows are affected, these conditions are often referred to as simply “elbow dysplasia.” Osteochondrosis affecting the hind limbs is less common.
Although osteochondrosis is not a type of arthritis, it frequently leads to degenerative joint disease.
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Etiology of osteochondrosisEndochondral ossification occurs in the bones of the extremities, the vertebral column, pelvis, and base of the skull. Bone is formed from a hyaline cartilage matrix, which becomes ossified. Several steps are involved in normal endochondral ossification. First, chondrocytes mature and enlarge. The intracellular matrix begins to thin and the mature chondrocyte produces alkaline phosphatase. This causes the intracellular matrix to calcify. Calcification of the matrix in turn causes the chondrocytes to die. Vascular penetration of the area then occurs and osteoblasts within the matrix produce bone, which matures to lamellar bone.
Osteochondrosis develops when cartilage cells that have proliferated in a normal manner, mature and differentiate abnormally. Failure of the cartilage matrix to calcify or failure of vascular penetration and osseous replacement causes the cartilage to thicken. Due to the lack of nutritional elements, necrosis develops in the deeper layers, giving rise to fissures. Eventually, a cartilagenous flap (OCD) develops.
Sometimes, the thickened cartilage persists without developing fissures and becomes surrounded by subchondral bone. Adjacent normal cartilage continues its endochondral ossification and the retained cartilage dies. This results in a subchondral cyst-like lesion.
Osteochondritis dissecans (OD) occurs at the surface of a joint when a thickened area of cartilage develops, loosely attached to the underlying bone. This thicker cartilage may crack and cause a flap of cartilage to break away. When this cartilage flap falls into a certain position, the animal’s discomfort will be minimal but, as it shifts position, pain and joint swelling become acute. OD of the elbow and shoulder usually occurs between four and seven months of age. Breeds most commonly affected include the Labrador, golden retriever and (less frequently) the rottweiler.
Fragmented coronoid process (FCP) of the elbow joint is the most common and severe type of osteochondrosis, affecting a dog’s forelimbs. FCP results from either a) abnormal development of the cartilage in the coronoid process, or b) abnormal length of the radius and ulna bones. Between four and six months of age, a small piece of the coronoid process may fragment inside the elbow leading to early onset secondary arthritis. (This usually develops between five and ten months of age.) Retrievers, Labradors, rottweilers and Bernese mountain dogs commonly experience FCP.
Ununited anconeal process (UAP) is a failure of the growth center of the anconeal process to unite properly with the ulna. This fusion should be completed by 16 to 24 weeks of age. The ununited anconeal process is a large piece of bone connected to the ulna by a strand of fibrous tissue. It causes joint instability that may lead to severe secondary degenerative arthritis. UAP disease has been reported in most large breeds, particularly German shepherds and St. Bernards. UAP has also been reported in breeds with short, curved legs such as the basset hound. A dog may not exhibit signs of UAP until the secondary degenerative joint disease begins to develop.
OCD in the stifle joint Osteochondrosis in the stifle can be difficult to diagnose, as the lameness is frequently obscure and is often confused with the gait of canine hip dysplasia (CHD).
OCD in the hock joint Affected pets are usually four to five months of age and exhibit slight lameness of the hind limbs. The ankle joints appear straight and swollen and are painful on movement. X-rays show cartilage and bone fragments and bone spurs due to secondary degenerative joint disease.
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Symptoms and diagnosis of osteochondrosisThe various forms of osteochondrosis (OCD) do not produce immediate, obvious symptoms. Signs that point to possible osteochondrosis (OCD) include:

• Lameness and pain in the affected joint.
• Restricted movement of the affected joint (e.g. paddling effect).
• Muscle wasting in the most affected side.

The symptoms of osteochondrosis (OCD) depend on where the problem is located. The dog may try to compensate for lameness by restricting the movement of the affected joint. For example, if the elbow is affected, he may swing his leg outward in a circular motion to avoid bending the elbow. Although the condition is usually bilateral, one leg is often worse than the other. As a result, the dog may take extra weight on the better foreleg (for example), resulting in decreased muscle development in the other foreleg.
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Treatment options for osteochondrosisThe treatment for osteochondrosis is geared towards inhibiting further breakdown of the hip joint and decreasing pain. Various medical and surgical treatments are available today that can ease discomfort and restore mobility. The type of treatment depends upon several factors, such as the age of the patient, the severity of the problem and financial considerations. Management of the condition usually consists of exercise restriction, body weight management and symptomatic pain management with analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Exercise Control Restricting the amount and intensity of a puppy's activity has been shown to reduce the incidence of osteochondrosis. Flaps of cartilage that have not yet broken away from their underlying bone may heal back if the affected joint use is not too intense or prolonged. All large breed puppies should participate in only regular short walks until they have finished growing; this recommendation is particularly important if the dog already has osteochondrosis. Dogs with osteochondrosis should be restricted to the leash and given a maximum of three short (10 -15 minute) walks per day.
Dietary Restriction Overfeeding contributes significantly to the development of many orthopedic conditions in dogs, including osteochondrosis. Vitamin or mineral supplements should be discontinued unless indicated and an appropriate feed recommended.
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory medications - Ideally, these should only be used for the short term, when necessary to encourage movement. In most cases these medications act simply as painkillers, and are normally used in conjunction with lifestyle modifications including weight control and good exercise management.
Commonly used analgesics and anti-inflammatories include acetaminophen and various NSAIDs.
Acetaminophen For mild to moderate osteochondrosis in dogs, acetaminophen (Tylenol®, Panadol®, Exdol®, etc.) will relieve pain. Since acetaminophen has no anti-inflammatory properties, it can generally be safely combined with anti-inflammatory medications.
Too-high doses of acetaminophen can cause liver damage. Acetaminophen is toxic to cats.
NSAIDs NSAIDs help reduce pain and swelling of the joints and decrease stiffness. When taken at a low dose, NSAIDs reduce pain; when taken at a higher dose, NSAIDs can also reduce inflammation. NSAIDs do not prevent joint damage and when used over the long-term, may accelerate joint breakdown. Taking more than one NSAID at a time increases the possibility of severe side effects such as ulcers and bleeding. (Special buffered ASA is available for dogs.) The newer sub-class of NSAIDs, known as Cox-2 Inhibitors, include Rimadyl® (carprofen), Metacam® (meloxicam) and Etogesic® (etodolac). Ibuprofen is toxic to dogs.
Caution: Vioxx®, a cox-2 inhibitor for use in humans, was just removed from the market place due to lethal side-effects related to heart attack, stroke, rhabdomyolysis and kidney failure due to the mechanism of action. This same mechanism of action is present in all cox-2 inhibitors and it would be wise to take this into consideration.
CORTISONE Cortisone is a corticosteroid that reduces inflammation and swelling. For severe pain and inflammation, cortisone is injected directly into the affected joint. This can provide almost immediate relief for a tender, swollen and inflamed joint.
PENTOSAN POLYSULPHATE Pentosan polysulphate (Cartrophen Vet®) is an injectable drug is given by injection at weekly intervals, usually on four separate occasions. Painkillers are not indicated while pentosan polysulphate is being administered.
VISCO-SUPPLEMENTATION Visco-supplementation is the process of injecting a gel-like substance into the joint. This substance lubricates the cartilage, reducing pain and improving flexibility. Visco-supplementation decreases friction within the joint, thus reducing pain and allowing greater mobility. This method of treatment requires ongoing injections as benefits are only temporary. Substances used in visco-supplementation include hyaluronic acid, or HA (Legend®, Hylartin® and Synacid®), and poly-sulfated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGS) such as Adequan®.
RECOVERY®SA (Nutricol®) Bioflavonoids (plant-based, antioxidant substances with the power to protect plant and animal tissues), have been shown in many scientific studies to help the tissues maintain their youthful structure. Antioxidants from green tea (Camellia sinensis) and grapes (Vitis vinifera) have been shown to have particularly beneficial effects and may be employed preventively or therapeutically to help repair damaged tissues. Nutricol® - available to veterinarians as Recovery®SA - is a proprietary formulation containing both these ingredients.*
Recovery®SA with Nutricol® is a proprietary natural health product developed to improve quality and rate of post-traumatic repair of damaged and inflamed tissue.* It may be used on its own or in combination with prescribed medications. See the Oct and Dec 2003 reviews of Recovery®EQ in the prestigious Horse Journal
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If surgery is required for osteochondrosisA number of surgical techniques are employed in the treatment of osteochondrosis. The goal of the surgical procedure is to remove any loose pieces of cartilage from the joint surface and curette the cartilage defect to encourage the body to refill the dessicated areas. Surgery should always be considered a last resort, when all other attempts to help the condition have failed.
Surgical Follow-up Exercise should be limited for three to four weeks after surgery. Prior to therapy, the owner should be encouraged to limit the animal’s activity to reduce pain and minimize the chance of a fracture occurring.
Since many of pets with osteochondrosis have experienced rapid growth, some veterinarians feel that feeding lower protein diets without supplements may be helpful in decreasing the incidence of the disease.

玥溪蛍火

晕了 - - 回来叫我老公看下,我是不行了:Smilies38

小魔鬼(我的老狼

疯了，出现灵异现象，居然自动回复，我自己改还不行么

[ 本帖最后由 小魔鬼 于 2007-10-10 13:50 编辑 ]

雾之姬

英文我就投降了 其他语言倒还能做些贡献  :Smilies11

niny1412

啊,我还想给我家宝宝买钙片呢,现在看来还是算了吧~~

小魔鬼(我的老狼

译文：

什么是骨软骨病（就是上面的骨发育不全症）

骨软骨病是一种发育性骨病，由于某处或全身的软骨内不能进行骨化作用，影响了骨骺或骺端的软骨组织。从基因上，因为大型犬生长速度快，所以有更大倾向发生这种情况。（骨软骨病引起的疼痛与青少年在发育时感受到的骨节发育痛楚相类似。）

被骨软骨病影响的最常见的部位包括：幼犬的肩、肘、膝、脚踝。骨软骨病可在双侧发生，影响多个关节。骨软骨病包括多种类型。

与前肢有关的骨软骨病包括肘或肩分离性骨软骨炎、冠状突碎裂、鹰嘴突愈合不全。当骨软骨病影响前肢时，这些情况通常被简称为肘关节发育不全。影响后肢的骨软骨病较少见。

虽然骨软骨病并非一种关节炎，但它经常导致退化性关节病。

骨软骨病的病源

软骨内骨化在骨头末端、脊椎骨、骨盆、颅底骨发生。骨头由透明软骨质经过骨化作用之后形成。一般软骨内骨化包括几个步骤。首先，软骨细胞成熟并增大，细胞间基质变得粘稠凝结，成熟的软骨细胞产生出骨碱性磷酸酶，使细胞间基质钙化，细胞间基质钙化又反过来使软骨细胞死亡，继而该部位发生血管性渗透，基质内的成骨细胞产生出骨质，成熟后变成板质骨。

当软骨细胞正常分裂繁殖，但不能正常成熟或分化时，骨软骨病逐渐形成。如果软骨组织基质不能钙化，或血管渗透失败不能进行骨质替换时，将导致软骨组织凝结，因缺少营养要素，深层组织将会坏死，引起骨裂。最终形成软骨性骨瓣（骨软骨病）。

有时，软骨组织可在不引起骨裂的情况下持续变粘稠凝结，被软骨下骨头包围着。相邻的软骨组织继续软骨内骨化，随着包围着的软骨组织的死亡，在软骨下形成一个类似囊肿的有害组织。

当软骨组织凝结范围扩大，与下面连接的骨头变得松散时，分离性骨软骨炎就会在关节表面发生。这个凝结的区域可能会裂开并形成脱离的软骨瓣。当这个软骨瓣掉落在一个固定的位置时，犬只只会感到轻微的疼痛，但当骨瓣改变位置时就会感到剧烈疼痛，关节肿大。肩肘关节分离性骨软骨炎一般在4-7个月之间的幼犬发生。最常见患这种病的包括拉布拉多、金毛寻回犬和罗威那（较前两种少）。

肘关节冠状突碎裂是最常见也最严重的骨软骨病，在犬前肢发生。冠状突碎裂可由下列两种情况引起：1）冠状突软骨组织不正常发育；或2）不正常的挠骨或尺骨长度。一般在4-6个月发生。可能有一小块冠状突碎片在肘内并引起继发性关节炎（通常在5-10个月时发生）。拉布拉多、金毛寻回犬、罗威那和伯恩山犬经常患这种病。

鹰嘴突愈合不全指鹰嘴突生长中心无法与尺骨正常连接。这个连接一般在16-24周之间完成。愈合不全的鹰嘴突是一块大骨头，通过纤维组织与尺骨相连接。这种情况会引起关节不稳定性，可引发严重的继发性退化性关节炎。鹰嘴突愈合不全一般在超大型犬发生，尤其是德国牧羊犬和圣伯纳犬。鹰嘴突愈合不全也可在短曲腿犬种身上发生，例如巴赛特猎犬。可能犬直到发生继发性退化性关节炎才表现出鹰嘴突愈合不全症状。

膝关节分离性骨软骨炎：因为跛行不明显和人们经常把它与髋关节发育不良混淆，比较难诊断膝关节分离性骨软骨炎。

（后腿）踝关节分离性骨软骨炎：通常发生在4-5个月的幼犬身上，表现为后腿轻微跛行。踝关节僵直并肿大，行动时疼痛。拍X光片可看到软骨组织和骨头碎片，和由继发性退化性关节炎引起的骨赘。

骨软骨病的病征和诊断

各种骨软骨病并不会表现出直接的明显的病征。可帮助判断骨软骨病的征象包括：
l      跛行和受影响关节疼痛
l      受影响关节活动减少
l      最严重一侧肌肉退化

发生问题部位不同，骨软骨病的症状也不相同。犬只可能因为跛行而减少受影响关节的活动。例如，如果肘关节发生骨软骨病，犬只可能将腿向前曲线摆动以避免弯下肘关节。虽然这种病经常是双侧的，但通常一条腿的情况会比另一边更严重。所以，（例如）狗可能会把重量放在较好的一条前腿上，造成另一条腿肌肉退化。


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下面的治疗方法，如果大家有需要我再继续翻译。看在我辛辛苦苦翻译的分上，看过的请顶一下，转载的请注明出处，谢谢。困死我了，睡觉去^0^

[ 本帖最后由 小魔鬼 于 2007-10-11 02:45 编辑 ]